Class x Poem: The Man Who Wins
Anonymous
Name if the poet is not known or made public
Message:
The poem gives the message that success or failure is all up to a person’s thinking and state of mind. If one thinks defeated, discouraged,lost he definitely is. In the same way, to rise above you have to be sure of yourself because success is not the destiny of that who thinks himself stronger or faster but of the one who THINKS HE CAN.
Exercise B:
Q1. The poet says that your thoughts of failure put you down and even though you want to win, achieve and be successful but you fear you can’t then surely failure comes to you so to get success, first be sure of it then you will be successful and triumphant.
Q2. Yes, we agree because achievement comes to you when you are sure of it. Be sure that you are going to win otherwise you will be disappointed.
Explanation of the stanzas:
The first stanza describes that one can easily be defeated when he is sure of his defeat or finds himself not courageous enough to do something even though he wants to win from all his heart but he can’t because of his intimidating thoughts of failure.
The second stanza says that will of a person counts a lot. The fear of losing makes you lose as in the practical world success depends on a person’s will and your “will” is your state of mind that makes you a successful person or a loser.
The third stanza says that if you think you are outclassed so you are but first you have to think noble and high and you should be sure of yourself before you win a prize in a contest.
The fourth stanza is conclusive that says in the practical world the faster or stronger isn’t the successful person but no matter how soon or late only that person is successful who believes in his success knowing that HE CAN.
Pattern of the paper for class lx and x
Science and General Group
Regular and Private Candidates
section A
Q1. MCQs ( marks 15 )
MCQS will be based on
article, preposition,synonym and antonyms ( from prose and poetry) punctuation, tenses identification, narration, voice, text and prose knowledge, poetry lines, poets names,etc
section B ( marks 60 )
Q2 a. ( short Q/A any 04 ) prose ( 08 marks )
b. ( short Q/A any 02 ) poetry ( 04 marks )
Q3. Passage ( prose ) ( 06 marks )
Q4.Passage ( poetry ) ( 06 marks )
Q5. Fill in the blanks ( 06 marks )
Q6. Use idioms and phrases in your own ( 06 marks )
Section C ( marks 24 )
Attempt all
Q7. Essay on any one topic ( marks 08 )
Q8.write an application or a letter or a dialogue ( marks 06 )
Q9. Translate any five of the following into English ( marks 05 )
Q10.Unseen passage ( marks 05 )
OR
Write a note
The last Sermon of the Holy Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم
The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم was born in 571 AD at Makkah. He belonged to the noble family of Quraish. The Quraish used to worship idols and did not believe in one God but when our final prophet gave them the message of Allah, they turned against him and gave him lots of problems and difficulties so he left Makkah and migrated to Medina in 622 AD. This event is known as Hijra. In Madina he made an Islamic society based on three principles that Allah has sovereignty, Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is the final Prophet and all Muslims are brothers to one another.
He made the first Islamic law and set rules for all specially for the women who were like a chattel before Islam and were never given respect, our Holy Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم raised them from a lower state to a noble state.
He gave his last sermon on the 10th year of Hijra in which he addressed a large gathering and once again repeated the message of Allah that there is no god except Allah and He is the only one and no one shares His power and authority.
He said that Allah created all from Adam and Eve and they were made from dust and distributed them into tribes and nations so that they can be distinguished from one another. He made it clear that in the eyes of Allah, the most righteous is the most honourable.Hence no Arab is superior to a non Arab nor is a white man better than a black man only goodness and piety is the mark of superiority. The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم crushed under his feet all the false claims to superiority founded on blood or wealth.
He صلى الله عليه وسلم called Muslims brothers of each other and said he fulfilled God’s message leaving among the Muslims the Quran to get the guidance till the Day of Judgement.
Now the Holy Prophet صلى الله عليه و سلم is not among us but we have the Quran and the sunnah to get guidance and goodness in both the worlds
Note:
Q/A are not in the chapter
Q1.when and where was our final Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم born?
Ans. Our Holy Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم was born in 571 AD at Makkah.
Q2.what was the condition of the Arabs before Islam?
Ans.The Arabs were in extreme vice.They were vile and wild and were living in the abyss of darkness. They used to quarrel, fight and gamble. Moreover, they buried their daughters alive and didn’t give them any share in the property.
Q3. state the three principles on which the Islamic society was founded.
Ans. See synopsis
Q4.What is Hijra?
Ans. The event of the migration of our Holy Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم from Makkah to Madina is called Hijra.
Q5.when did our Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم migrate to Madina?
Ans. Our Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم migrated to Madina in 622 AD at Makkah.
Q5. What was the condition of the women before Islam?
Ans. Women were in extreme bad condition. They were buried alive because of the fear of dowry and weren’t given any share in the property.
Q6. When and where did the final Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم address?
Ans. Our final Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم addressed on the Mount Arafat in the 10th year of Hijra.
Q7.which message was repeated in the sermon by the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم?
Ans.The message of monotheism was repeated as well as it was said that Almighty had fulfilled his promise and helped his final Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم against the forces of evil.
Q8. State the important points of the sermon.
Ans.The sermon was the encompassment of all the teachings of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم and Allah’s commandments. He, the Prophet صلى الله عليه و سلم quoting a verse from the Quran said that all the humanity is the off spring of Adam and Eve who were made of dust and that in the eyes of Allah the most righteous is the most honourable.Thus Allah condemns all the false standards of superiority as Allah honours most the one who is the most pious. He called one Muslim another Muslim’s brother and left the Quran for our guidance till the Doom’s Day.
Q9.What can be achieved after the recitation of the Quran?
Ans. We will achieve our former greatness in the world by the recitation of the Quran.
Q10.what did the Holy Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم give to us?
Ans. He gave us the message of Allah and the Quran and his Sunnah.
End of chapter
Shah Abdul Latif
Synopsis:
The chapter begins with an introductory paragraph regarding religion that Islam is a peaceful religion and Allah sent the last Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم as a blessing to the whole humanity who’s teachings were followed by many of his followers in every period and in the whole world. After our Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم his companions and the saints spread the message of Allah and brought many non Muslims to the fold of Islam.
In the second para there are the names of different saints whose shrines are located in different parts of Pakistan and here are some notable names:
Lahore: Data Ganj Bukhsh and Mian Mir Sahib
Pak Pattan: Baba Fareed
Multan:Ghous Bahaul Haq
Sindh: Shah Latif and Qalandar Lal Shabbaz
The chapter’s main focus is Shah Abdul Latif who is a worthy saint of Sindh. He was born in 1102 in Hala Haveli. When he was born Aurangzeb was the monarch and when Latif’s ancestors migrated to Sindh Tamerlane was ruling Sindh. They hailed from Hirat, Afghanistan. The culture of Sindh was liked by his forefathers and they made it their home forever. The family became famous when a son named Shah Abdul Latif later known as Lal Latif was born to Syed Habib Shah.
Shah Latif was a sensitive child by nature and he had spirituality in his nature as well as he was quite inclined to nature and this tendency made him a poet but he was not confined to poetry only as he was a thorough learner and soon emerged as a scholar of Arabic and Persian. He had a different mind that’s why even marriage couldn’t stop him to seek religion in the more deeper way so when his father passed away, he left the house and went to live on a raised surface of sand at a distance from his house called “Bhit” in Sindhi and started meditation. His constant and frequent stay made people realise that he was not an ordinary man but was a saint so due to the association of that mound he came to be known as “the saint of Bhit” or “Bhitai ” in Sindhi and from that day on he is known by that name.
By the time Latif ‘s fame spread far and wide. He was equally famous among the people because of his prayer and kind ways with the people. Shah Latif ‘s personality’s another side was his to be a musician. He loved music and invented a simple musical instrument called ” Tambooro “. “Tambooro” had a similarity with an Arabic musical instrument with the difference of number of strings. Tambooro had one string and the Arabian instrument had two or three instruments. It is immensely popular all over Sindh and all play and sing Latif ‘s poetry on it.
Shah Abdul Latif breathed his last breath on the mound and was buried there. Ghulam Shah Kalhoro, a devoted follower built a shrine over his grave, now scores of people pay homage to him coming here. Latif’s lovers collected and published an omnibus of his poetry named “The Resalo of Shah Latif ” or “Shah jo Resalo”. Its major attraction is its simplicity of language and its worldwide translation and above all his poetry has been composed into music that is another quality of his poetry- his music that can make one move without even knowing the language.
14th of Safar, is a day of celebration for the Latif’s devotees who come from far off places and celebrate his Urs with full devotion and affection and pay homage to their endearing saint by singing his poetry on Tambooro and dancing in ecstasy. Learned men read papers and throw light on the life and work of Latif.
For the devotees of Latif many arrangements have been made like a library, a rest house and a museum. Latif leaves behind him nothing but a message of love and fraternity and making Allah happy by our good deeds.
Q/A are not in the book, see below:
Q1.What are the qualities of Latif ‘s poetry?
Ans. The qualities of Latif’s poetry are as follows:
1. It is simple. 2. Has been translated into many languages on account of its universality and spirituality. 3. Has been turned into music and has the power to make anyone dance in ecstasy even to one who is not acquainted with the native language Sindhi. 4. It is in common language so the message is easy to be understood. 5. Latif’s poetry is religiously followed by his devotees as it gives the message of fraternity, harmony and Piety.
Q2. What is the message of Shah Latif?
Ans. See the last para of the chapter on page 11.
Q3.What kind of religion is Islam?
Ans. Islam is a religion of peace, brotherhood and equality that connects one human being to the other and rejects cruelty and ruthlessness and due to this this religion spread far and wide.
Q4.who came as a blessing to the mankind?
Ans. Our Holy Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم came as a blessing to mankind who became so merciful and kind to them and they came near to him and his this tradition passed on to his followers without the difference of time and space and in this way people embrace Islam.
Q5. Describe the names of the saints and their shrines which are located in different parts of Pakistan.
Ans. See the second para on page 7.
Q6. When and where was Latif born?
Ans. Latif was born in 1102 Hijra in a small village called Hala Haveli.
Q7.who was ruling Sindh when Latif ancestors migrated to Sindh and who was ruling when Latif was born?
Ans. See synopsis.
Q8. What was like Sindh when Latif’s ancestors migrated to Sindh from Herat?
Ans. Sindh was the seat of Muslim culture and tradition at that time. Latif’s ancestors liked it so much and decided to make it their home.
Q9. What made the ancestors of Latif remember?
Ans.The birth of Latif to Syed Habib Shah made the ancestors of Latif remember as he became a saint and was showered with love by the devotees.
Q10.What aroused Latif’s feelings?
Ans. The beauty of the nature aroused Latif’s feelings and he turned towards spirituality and deep thinking.
Q11. In what Latif was keen on acquiring except poetry?
Ans. He was keen on acquiring knowledge except poetry. He became a scholar of Arabic and Persian.
Q12.when and why did Latif leave home?
Ans. Latif left home when his father died as his heart had turned more into devotion and spirituality.
Q13.where did Latif go to live and how long?
Ans. He went to live on a mound of sand called Bhit in Sindhi and also died there.
Q14. Why is he called Bhitai?
Ans.Latif is called Bhitai because he spent his life on a mound of sand inSindhi and died there on account of this he became famous all over by the name of Bhitai or Shah Latif of the mound.
Q15.why did people attract towards Latif?
Ans. People attracted towards Latif because of his kind nature and gentle ways.
Q16. How did Latif start composing poetry?
Ans. Latif started composing poetry because near the mound there was a natural lake and the beauty of the nature and calmness and serenity of the atmosphere filled his heart with love of God and he started composing poetry in His praise.
Q17.Why and which musical instrument did Latif invent?
Ans. Latif invented Tambooro seeing the difficult music of his time as he was an avid admirer of simplicity so he made the music simple by his own invention.
Q18.How was Tambooro different from the Arabian musical instrument?
Ans. Tambooro had only one string and the other musical instruments had two or more strings.
Q19.what does the white dome represent?
Ans. The white dome represents Purity and dignity of Latif’s personality.
Q20.who built his tomb?
Ans. See synopsis
Q21.what has been embedded to the shrine?
Ans. A library, a rest house and a museum are embedded to the shrine so that visitors, scholars and researchers can get the most of it.
End of chapter
Moen jo Daro
Mound of the dead or مردوں کا ٹیلا
The information below has been taken from Wikipedia 
Synopsis
Mohenjo-daro is located west of the Indus River in Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan, in a central position between the Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra River. It is situated on a Pleistocene ridge in the middle of the flood plain of the Indus River Valley, around 28 kilometres (17 mi) from the town of Larkana.
The ruins of the city remained undocumented for around 3,700 years until R. D. Banerji, an officer of the Archaeological Survey of India, visited the site in 1919–20, identifying the Buddhist stupa (150–500 CE) known to be there and finding a flint scraper which convinced him of the site’s antiquity. This led to large-scale excavations of Mohenjo-daro led by Kashinath Narayan Dikshit in 1924–25, and John Marshall in 1925–26.
Design or plan of the city:
The city is divided into two parts, the so-called Citadel and the Lower City. The Citadel – a mud-brick mound around 12 metres (39 ft) high – is known to have supported public baths, a large residential structure designed to house about 5,000 citizens, and two large assembly halls. The city had a central marketplace, with a large central well. Individual households or groups of households obtained their water from smaller wells. Waste water was channeled to covered drains that lined the major streets. Some houses, presumably those of more prestigious inhabitants, include rooms that appear to have been set aside for bathing, and one building had an underground furnace (known as a hypocaust), possibly for heated bathing. Most houses had inner courtyards, with doors that opened onto side-lanes. Some buildings had two stories.
Museum:
There is a museum in which the objects discovered from Mohenjo – daro has been placed. There are toys, the head of a bull used as a seal , tools, the statue of a dancing girl that shows their art and culture and the statue of a priest that reflects their religion, painted pottery, jewellery, carts, etc.
Reason of destruction:
The city of Moenjo daro destroyed there might be an earthquake or they were attacked from the north.
Language:
The language of Moenjo daro is a mystry. The language experts are trying to decipher the language. After it is deciphered, more can be known.
Tourism:
Since its discovery Moenjo daro has been the centre of attraction for the tourists, researchers and archaeologists who come to the site and see this first ever well planned city.Moenjo daro needs more research so that much can be known about this city as only 10% has been discovered as well as care because it is decaying on account of rains and water so that the heritage of Sindh can be preserved.
Q/A are not given in the book
Q1.What do you know about Mohenjo Daro?
Ans. See synopsis
Q2.Who was sir John Marshall?
Ans . See heading of Sir John Marshall.
Q3. How was Mohenjo daro discovered?
Ans. It was discovered when some villagers found some pieces of old pots from the mound of sand and reported to Sir John Marshall who was director General of the Archaeological Survey of India. He ordered an excavation and in this way Mohenjo daro discovered.
Q4. What objects are placed in the museum of Mohenjo daro?
Ans. See the heading of museum.
Q4. What is the reason of the destruction of Mohenjo daro?
Ans. See heading reason of the destruction.
Q5.what is the meaning of Mohenjo daro?
Ans. See synopsis.
Q6. What is the design or plan of the city of Mohenjo daro?
Ans see the heading design or plan of the city.
Q7. Where is Mohenjo daro located?
Ans. See synopsis
Q8. What is the tourism scope of Mohenjo daro?
Ans. See tourism
Q9. What did Sir John Marshall say about the bricks?
Ans. He Said, ” Perhaps there was once a town or a city which lies under these mounds of clay and sand Let us dig here, may be we shall uncover the remains of an old city”.
10.where was the grain stored?
Ans. The grain was stored in the great hall.
Q11. How do you know that the people of Mohenjo daro were rich?
Ans. The people of Mohenjo daro were rich because they were great traders as the river Indus was close by. They would have travelled so many countries and had a luxurious life.
Q12.What were their crops?
Ans. It seems they had a fertile country-side as wheat, rice and cotton were their main crops.
Q13.what were their crafts?
Ans. The people of Mohenjo daro were skilled craftsmen who worked in gold, silver and ivory. Toys were also made for the children like dolls and carts.
Q14.What do you know about their dresses?
Ans. The seals manifest that the priests and the ruling classes wore long loose dresses.
End of chapter
HELEN KELLER
Synopsis : the heading given below is also included in the synopsis
The chapter begins from an introduction that we are lucky to have many blessings like we have eyes to see the world and ears to listen the beautiful voices. Then the story begins saying there are people who are mute and deaf but make their life great because such souls are brave.
See introduction of Helen Keller above
We have read that Miss Anne Mansfield Sullivan was a great influence on the life of Helen. She taught her manners, discipline, skills and also taught her how to read. She taught her different alphabets through sign language.
Later she taught her many things practically like she took her out and made her feel the word water. In this way, she learnt many things. Miss Sullivan took Helen to Miss Fuller’s Horace Mann School when she was eight years old. She would feel the movement of Miss Fuller’s lips during the speaking and then practised it at home by the help of Miss Sullivan and was able to speak by the age of ten.
Helen Keller went to Harvard University and passed all her exams easily. She emerged as a symbol of courage and bravery that many people always wanted to meet her. She came to Pakistan in 1956 when she was 76 years old and gave the children here the message of courage and not to curse their fate because nothing is impossible in this world. She visited many schools and appreciated the work of the teachers there.
Helen’s life is an example for us all who feel discouraged and lose heart when some difficulty arrives though we have all the senses. We should thank Allah and should be courageous enough to achieve our goal of life.
Q/A ( see page 30 )
1. Helen Keller was born in Tuscombia Alabama in June of 1880.
2. At the age of 19 months she lost her sight and hearing due to a tragic illness.
3. See synopsis
4. See synopsis
5. Helen Keller visited Pakistan in 1956 when she was 76 years old but was quite active for her age. Helen Keller had come here to help the children devoid of hearing, speaking and seeing.
6. Yes, Helen was a wonderful lady who didn’t feel discouraged and faced her difficulties with bravery and proved that she could do everything. She got education, learnt household skills, travelled widely and encouraged people, motivated them and became a symbol that where there is a will there is a way.
Extra question:
Q1. What was Helen’s message to the blind and deaf children?
Ans. Helen visited many schools in Karachi for the blind and deaf children and appreciated the teachers’ efforts that they were doing for such children. She addressed many gatherings and gave message to the blind and deaf children to always be happy and cheerful and not to curse their fate because they could do anything in this world.
End of chapter
.
Dear students! HERE is Writing Pattern for you!
Write English in this way!
Allama Iqbal
idiom:
to turn over a new leaf
synopsis:
who doesn’t know Allama Muhammad Iqbal? The poet of the East, philosopher, politician, religious scholar and a thinker. These are mere qualities of his grand personality. The chapter has been divided into paras each highlights one aspect of Allama’s great life.
In the first paragraph, the certain dates highlight his date of birth and education.
9th November, 1877 ( Date of birth )
1895 ( went to Government College Lahore )
1899 ( Passed M.A. from the University of the Punjab )
1905 ( End of the job of of the Oriental College as Arabic Professor )
1908 (Was awarded a degree of Ph.D. by Munich University for his work on Persian philosophy)
1926- 1929 ( member of the Punjab Legislative Council )
1930 ( Presided over the Allahabad Meeting of the All – India Muslim League
Myriad facets of Iqbal’s life have been given as a poet, as a master of Eastern and western philosophy, as an Islamic thinker and as a political leader.He presided over the Allahabad meeting of the All – India Muslim League and demanded for a separate homeland for the Muslims of South Asia saying he would like to see the Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and NWFP united under a single Muslim state as Muslims feared that the Hindu majority would not allow Muslims to develop freely. And this demand was like a current for the Hindus and the British alike.
Allama Iqbal wanted Muhammad Ali Jinnah back who had left India and had gone to England being disappointed by the behaviour of the Congress as his sharp understanding had told him that Congress was playing a double game from the Muslims of India. Allama Iqbal wrote two letters to Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The first letter was written in May, 1937 in which the problems of the Indian Muslims were discussed in detail and he once again emphasised that the the only solution of all the matters is the demand of a separate state and he knew it was the right time for that demand. The next letter was written in 1937 on 21st June in which he once again repeated that a separate federal state formed on the lines proposed by Allama was the only way to save Muslims from the rule of non Muslims.
Allama Iqbal’s efforts were serious and he knew Muhammad Ali Jinnah could lead the Muslims in the best way and on account of his efforts Muslims awoke from their deep sleep and they moved to a new direction, their cause had changed, now they were thinking about a new state rather than just being in a compromising state with the Hindus and British.
The Muslim League leaders met in Lahore and passed a resolution on 23rd March, 1940 demanding a separate state for the Muslims of India. This resolution is called “the Pakistan Resolution” . It was a long struggle that ended successfully and at last Pakistan came into being on 14th August, 1947 though Iqbal had died in 1938 but but his dream had become a reality. On his death Quaid e Azam presented him a huge tribute calling him a friend, guide and philosopher who stood like a rock during the darkest moments through which Muslim League had to go.
A very important and vital aspect of Allama Iqbal’s personality is his belief in Islam, his life was completely devoted to it and his love for Islam is utterly reflected from his poetry and prose and he had always advised Muslims to be true to their religion that is why he knew that it was Islam that had saved Muslims and not Muslims that had saved Islam, he further said that salvation from destruction is possible when Muslims belief is strong.
Q/A ( Questions are not given in the chapter )
Q1. Why is Iqbal called doctor?
Ans. Allama Iqbal is called doctor because he was a Ph.D. in Persian philosophy from Munich university.
Q2. What are the other accomplishments of Allama Iqbal besides being a poet?
Ans. He was a philosopher, politician, thinker and a scholar besides being a poet.
Q3.what did Iqbal say in 1930?
Ans. Iqbal said in 1930 that he would like to see the Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and NWFP where there are Muslims in majority united under a single Muslim state. In other words he demanded a separate homeland from the Hindus and the British.
Q4.How did Iqbal define India?
Ans. He defined India as a continent of human groups belonging to different races where people speak different languages and believe in different religions and they can’t be ruled as a common race. They are utterly different nations and the rule of European democracy can’t be applied here without accepting different groups.
Q5. Why did Iqbal want a separate state for the Muslims of India?
Ans. Iqbal wanted a separate state because he feared the Hindus would dominate them,moreover, Muslims had a different religion, language, tradition and way of living and could not be governed under a common race feeling.
Q6. How did Iqbal awake Muslims from their sleep?
Ans. Muslims awoke from their sleep through Iqbal’s efforts. His prose, poetry and speeches also energised Muslims to fight for a separate homeland.
Q7. Why did Muslims meet in 1940?
Ans. The Muslims met in Lahore on 23rd March, 1940 in which they passed a resolution for a separate homeland. This resolution is called Pakistan Resolution.
Q8.In what words Jinnah praised Iqbal on his death?
And. Jinnah praised Iqbal calling him his friend and a guide who always stood like a rock during the darkest moments of the movement.
Q9.What belief made Iqbal strong?
Ans Belief in Islam made him strong and he thought the same belief made the Indian Muslims one nation, separate and a part from Hindus.
Q10.what does Iqbal’s poetry reflect?
Ans. Iqbal’s poetry and prose both reflect his love for Islam. He had devoted himself for the service of Islam.
Q11? What did Iqbal advise Muslims and what did he say in his Allahabad address?
Ans. Iqbal advised Muslims to remain true to their faith and he said in his Allahabad address that he had learned one lesson from the history of Islam that it was Islam that had saved Muslims and not Muslims that had saved Islam.
Q12. What would happen if we put our faith in Islam?
Ans. If we put our faith in Islam, we would become strong and united once again and save ourselves from complete destruction.
End of chapter
The Role of Women in the Pakistan Movement
Synopsis:
The chapter starts with an introduction that how Pakistan came into existence later in the chapter the character of Muslim women has been described that how during the independence movement women from all walks of life played an effective role in the cause of independence. They urged and motivated their men and in this fashion a long and hard campaign for independence accomplished.
Muslim women in those days were confined to their houses, were less educated and observed strict veil on the other side Hindu women were highly educated and modern.But even then a number of Muslim women came forward and took part in the independence . Women branch of Muslim women was made and it spread across India to tell women regarding the cause of independence. These women had journeys to the countryside to give guidance to the women about their role and work, gave speeches, met with the families of the British officers and viceroys and convinced them of their demand, opened classes and above all suffered the torture of the police and got arrested but did not leave their cause.
There were various women who contributed in the struggle of the freedom but few very distinguished women’s efforts have been introduced here.
Bi Aman
The fist woman is Abadi Bano Begum known commonly as Bi Aman was the mother of Ali brothers: Moulana Muhammad Ali joher and Shoukat Ali Joher.She was part of the Khilafat committee, in 1971 she joined the agitation to get her sons released from the prison, she made speeches and travelled widely.
Bi Aman had never been to any where to get education but she was educated enough to train her sons in the right path, therefore, when her sons were sent to the prison and were conditioned to seek pardon for the release, she wrote to her sons not to do so. She was fully determined to sacrifice her sons but not the cause.
Begum Muhammad Ali
This lady was always in strict veiling but was courageous enough to address men in a bold manner but her style of speaking was simple, impressive, natural and because of her these qualities she was highly admired by the Quaid e Azam . This lady also wrote for the press made the world know about he need of Muslims independence.
Miss Fatima Jinnah
She was given the title of Madr e Millat by the nation means Mother of the Nation because she helped her brother during the movement. She worked as a link between the Quaid e Azam and other Muslim women by passing on the information to the Quaid e Azam and vice a versa.
Begum Rana Liaquat Ali Khan
She was the wife of Liaquat Ali Khan . She sacrificed a lot . She worked as an honorary secretary and typist to Liaquat Ali Khan when Muslim league could not afford the expenses, she had meetings with wife and the daughter of the viceroy, she organised women’s Voluntary Service and Women’s National Guards with 2400 girls in which she had the rank of Brigadier.
Lady Nusrat Haroon
She was an enthusiastic woman and a kind hostess. She opened the doors of her house for the political activities as well as classes were also held in her house for the girls education.
Lady Hidayatullah
This lady travelled throughout Sindh holding women’s public meetings. The first public meeting in Sindh was held in Karachi’s Zoological Garden. Lady Hidayatullah and Begum Khairunisa Shaban hoisted the Muslim League flag on the Secretariat.
Begum Jahan Ara Shahnawaz
represented the Muslim women at the three Round Table Conferences held in London and was the first woman who spoke in London’s Guild Hall. Her frequent travelling across the globe created awareness among the people of other nations regarding the demand of the Muslims of South Asia for a separate homeland.
The above women and their contribution is briefly given but a large number of women took part in the struggle without whom the struggle could not be a success.
Q/A see page 49 comprehension
1. Bi Aman was the mother of Moulana Muhammad Ali Joher and Shoukat Ali Joher. She is remembered till today because she was the one who was strongly willing to sacrifice her sons life for the sake of independence when the British government arrested them and conditioned them to pardon for their release. She sent a message to her sons not to get pardon and advised them to struggle till their cause is achieved.
2. Muslim women worked for independence quite zealously. They went home to home to create awareness, opened classes in their houses and travelled widely to make people know about their goal. They were got arrested and tortured but didn’t quit the struggle for the cause.
3.Miss Fatima Jinnah is called Madr e Millat because she helped her illustrious brother Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the struggle of independence.
4.The meaning of Madr e Millat is Mother of the Nation.
The first meeting of women took place at Karachi’s Zoological Garden.
Extra Questions:
Q1.Who was Begum Rana Liaquat Ali Khan and what was her role in the freedom fight?
Ans. Begum Rana Liaquat Ali Khan was the wife of Liaquat Ali Khan and she played a very vital role in the freedom fight.She was an honorary secretary and typist to Liaquat Ali Khan when Muslim League could not afford the salaries of theses two jobs. She had meetings with the wife and daughter of the viceroy to convince them regarding their side of the matter and express their protest. She organised the Women’s Voluntary Service and Women’s National Guards with 2400 girls in which she had the rank of Brigadier.
Q2.Who carried out the work of Muslim League in Sindh?
Ans. In Sindh the work of Muslim League was carried out by these women:Lady Nusrat Haroon, Lady Sughra Hidayatullah, Begum Khairunnisa Shaban and Miss Fakhrunnisa Wali Muhammad Effendi.
Q3.Name some of the women who played an active role in the freedom fight?
Ans. The name of the women who played an active role in the freedom fight are:
Begum Iqbal Hussain, Begum Salma Tassaduq Hussain, Geti Ara Bashir Ahmad, Begum Shaista Ikramullah, Begum Viqarunnisa Noon, Begum Nawab Muhammad Ismail, Noorus Sabah Begum and Fatima Sheikh of Haiderabad sindh.
Q4. Why were Moulana Muhammad Ali and Shoukat Ali imprisoned and how long ?
Ans Moulana Muhammad Ali and Shoukat Ali popularly known as Ali brothers were imprisoned by the British government on account of their kkilafat Movement and they served in the jail for two years.
Note: The renowned women whose names are given in the chapter – see the details about them in the synopsis under their names.
page 54 ( fill in the blanks with suitable phrasal verbs )
1. looked after 2 Look into 3. look out of 4.look for
End of chapter
Quaid e Azam And His Vision For Pakistan
Who is Quaid e Azam?
Muhammad Ali Jinnah is the founding father of our country because of his efforts Pakistan came into being on 14th August, 1947. It was the biggest victory that he achieved for the Muslims of SouthAsia. Here see what Stanley Wolpert (born December 23, 1927) is an American historian, Indologist, and author on the political and intellectual history of modern India and Pakistan[1][2] and has written fiction and nonfiction books on the topics. He taught at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) from 1959-2002.[3]
says about Mr. Jinnah:
Synopsis:
The chapter highlights Mr. Jinnah’s strong vision ( the special sense ) behind the establishment of Pakistan that why he wanted a separate homeland for the Muslims of South Asia. He was a dynamic personality means a personality who believes in practicality and action rather than just saying, therefore, Muslims followed him and he as the leader of the Muslim majority areas led them and in this way a nation state came into being where Muslims could live according to their certain religious rights, faith and honour as well as following their traditions and culture as in the whole world it is quite rare to find the example of this type of achievement.
Mr. Jinnah had a great fan following in the The British India and he was the only leader of this sort. He was equally popular among the interfaith communities like Hindus, Christians, Sikhs and Paris. The Hindu poetess Sarojini Nido and Congress leader Gopal Krishna Gokhlay had given him the title of “the best Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity ” because of his policies of justice , impartiality and equality. Quaid ‘s envisage made him realise that the Muslims were being polarised and it would cause Muslims an economic and political victimisation so he pleaded the case of the Muslims with wisdom and became successful.
Quaid e Azam visualised Pakistan as a “pluralistic society ” as a “nation state”where there was the assurance of the rights of every person. On one occasion he ensured the Paris that they would be given enough room in the domain of trade, Commerce and industry as they have to come forward to play their role as true citizens of Pakistan.
On 11th August, 1947 the Quaid e Azam said as it was the day of his first election as the President of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan he made it clear to all the interfaith communities that they are free to go to their religious places as religion has nothing to do with the business of the state, he further said that there is no discrimination and all are the equal citizens of the state. He also demanded the communities including Muslims to work for Pakistan as a citizen as faith or religion is a personal affair of an individual.
He assured from his side that his guiding principle would be justice and complete impartiality and with the support of them he foresees Pakistan as one of the greatest nations in the world.
To pay great revere or homage to our great leader we should follow his footsteps to transform our country into a country where every citizen may live with tranquility, as a community and in agreement.
Some words to understand:
Polarisation: division in groups, transform: change, vision: foresee, dynamic: believer of practicality, homage: respect, barrister, one who has law degree from England
Comprehension: see page 61
1.It was the day of Quaid ‘s election as the first President of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. On that occasion Mr. Jinnah made sure to all the interfaith communities to be allowed to go to their religious places as religion has nothing to do with the business of the state .He assured them of no discrimination and distinction. He further said that the government believes in the fundamental principle of equality. He demanded them including Muslims to work as a citizen as religion is one’s own personal business.
2. Quaid e Azam was called an Ambassador of the Hindu Muslim Unity by the Congress leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale and the famous poetess Sarogini Nido because of his no discrimination policy regarding caste, creed and faith as he believed in the fundamental principle of justice and equality.
Extra Q/A
Q1. what did Mr. Jinnah sense as an outstanding political leader?
Ans.Mr.Jinnah sensed that Congress was leading the Hindus of the sub – continent toward Hindu Muslim polarisation that would culminate into political and economical victimisation of the Muslims in the region.
Q2.How did Mr. Jinnah envision Pakistan?
Ans.Mr. Jinnah envisioned Pakistan as a pluralistic society, as a nation state ensuring rights for all as citizens of Pakistan.
Q3.what did Mr. Jinnah affirm to the Parsi community?
Ans. Mr. Jinnah affirmed them their religious security. He guaranteed to provide them good field in the domain of trade, Commerce and industry – all he wanted to them to play their role as true citizens of Pakistan.
Q4. What was Mr. Jinnah ‘s guiding principle?
Ans. Mr. Jinnah ‘s guiding principle was justice and complete impartiality.
Q5.What did Jinnah need to make Pakistan one of the greatest nations of the world?
Ans. Mr. Jinnah needed all the interfaith communities’ support and co- operation including Muslins to make Pakistan one of the greatest nations of the world.
Q6. How can we pay homage to our great Quaid?
Ans. We should follow our great Quaid ‘s footsteps and transform Pakistan into a country where every citizen of Pakistan may live with the spirit of tranquility, fraternity and in complete agreement.
Health Is Wealth
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Idioms and phrases:
fond of, a lot of, a great many, get rid of, to take part
Synopsis :
In this chapter the importance of health has been focused that what happens when we ignore our health – definitely we become the victim of certain diseases. In the chapter, there are two protagonists a mother and a child named Kashif. Kashif is a sweet tooth and during shopping insists his mother two times to buy some sweet meat for him but mother refuses both the times.
The mother first time refuses when she saw flies sitting on the sweets giving reasons to Kashif that he would fall ill if he ate them and the second time when she found no flies but dust all over the place as a man was just sweeping the road by the shop. She gave reason to Kashif that if there is dust on something, it should be avoided to be eaten. She further said dust and flies carry hundreds of germs.
Now Kashif has become curious to know more about germs so he requests his mother to tell him more about them. She instructs him to focus ands says that germs are the tiny living things difficult to be seen with the naked eye but through a microscope can be seen. Kashif asks another question to his mother that how flies carry them to food. She answers that flies sit on filth, germs stick to their legs and when they come and sit on an uncovered food , germs stick to that food and this becomes the cause of our illness.Now Kashif is fully aware that how dangerous it is to eat the food that is not properly covered.
Mother keeps on telling Kashif more about the link between the dust and germs. She says germs are circulating in the atmosphere and dust carriers them so first avoid dusty food as well as the food on which flies have been sitting.
Mother tells Kashif that several diseases are caused by germs as well as of flies as typhoid is caused by flies. Here Kashif contradicts that he has read that malaria is caused by a kind of mosquito and not flies. Mother affirms what Kashif says. Kashif asks Mother where mosquitoes live. Mother answers they live in the stagnant water that is a still water and they are killed by using kerosene oil and DDT ( dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane) before they are big enough to fly away and cause harm.
Now Kashif is fully aware about all what mother has taught to him. He suggests if the whole nation takes action against mosquitoes soon we can get rid of them. Mother again affirms what Kashif says and adds that “Health is Wealth ” that makes us able to perform our duties fully.
Q/A see page 68
1.Kashif ‘s mother refused to buy sweets from the first shop because flies were sitting on them because if Kashif ate them, he would fall ill.
2.The second shop was dirty because a man was sweeping the road by the shop, there was dust that means germs. She suggested Kashif to avoid such things to be eaten if there is dust on it or flies sitting on it as both of them are enemies to our health.
3.Flies and dust carry germs that are tiny insects can’t be seen with a naked eye but through a microphone can be seen.
4.Diseases are caused by both flies and germs ,e.g., typhoid is caused by flies and malaria is caused by a mosquito named Anopheles.
5. Flies sit on filth, get germs on their legs, fly to our uncovered food and leave germs in it and we fall ill when we eat such food.
6.we get malaria from a mosquito named Anopheles.
7. We get rid of malaria when we spray Kerosene oil or DDT ( dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane ) where there is still water so that mosquitoes can be killed before they are big enough to fly away and bite healthy people.
Exercise of grammar:
Some and any as Adjectives
Some and any means “a certain quantity “and are used before plural or uncountable nouns and they can be pronouns or adjectives. Some is used in affirmative sentences and any is used after negatives and interrogatives.
Any is used after hardly, barely, and scarcely that are almost negative and are placed after verb “be “.
But “some “is used when the question is invitation or a request: would you like some tea?
Some is used when the answer “yes” is expected.
Any is used after if and in expressions of doubt : I don’t think that there is any milk in the house.
Any is used when every and not one is meant , e.g.,Any cooking book can teach you how to make a cake.
See page 69
1. some, any 2. some, any 3. some 4. any 5.anyone 6. some, any 7. any, some, some, some
End of chapter
The Great War Hero
1965 tank war
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Note : the above article has been taken from Dawn
Major Raja Abdul Aziz Bhatti
Nissan e Haider
Synopsis :
The chapter is mainly about Major Raja Abdul Aziz Bhatti who sacrificed his life in the war of 1965 and embraced martyrdom. On account of his valour, he had been awarded the Nishan e Haider, the highest military award of Pakistan that is named after Hazrat Ali رضي الله تعا لي عنه on account of his bravery.
Major Abdul Aziz was one of the martyrs who sacrificed their life in the war of 1965. He was born in 1928 in Hongkong. He came back to this home village Ladian in Gujarat District in 1945.
He first joined Air Force and then Army as a cadet in 1948. He, because of his hard work and dedication was awarded the Sword of Honour and the Norman Medal. He joined the 6th Punjab Regiment as a commissioned officer and proved himself a very remarkable officer.
On 6 September 1965, as a Company Commander in the Burki area of the Lahore sector, Major Raja Aziz Bhatti chose to stay with his forward platoon under incessant artillery and tank attacks for five days and nights in the defence of the strategic BRB canal. Army ‘s this loyal son was equipped with the spirit of Jedda and the enemy was loaded with the tanks and guns . Major stayed at his position because he didn’t want the enemy to give any chance to occupy the territory though his commanding officer sent him a message to come back as another officer was immediately being sent to replace him but he replied in negative as he didn’t want to go back and wanted to shed the last drop of his blood in the defence of this homeland. It is said where there is a will, there is a way. Major’s will was answered by Almighty and on 11th September, this brave hero was struck by the enemy on his right shoulder and our hero fell . Major Abdul Aziz had always wished martyrdom and so received it.
Idioms and phrases: see page 72
1. *flying colours: pass the exam with distinction
He passed his exam with flying colours.
*with heart and soul : whole heartedly
He performs his duties with heart and soul.
2. *letters of gold : in good way
Because of his goodness his name will be written in letters of gold.
*day and night: continuously
He worked day and night to succeed in the exam.
*without rest : continuously
He worked without rest to submit his project.
* to shed the last drop of blood : to sacrifice oneself
In 1965 war our soldiers shed the last drop of their blood for their homeland.
*in the defence of the homeland: to defend the homeland
We should be ready to sacrifice our life in the defence of the homeland.
*to lay down one ‘s life : to sacrifice life
Pakistan Army Soldiers are always ready to lay down their life in the defence of this homeland.
*to top the list : to lead
His name is top of the list amongst the toppers of the college.
*on the right and left : both sides
See on the right and left before crossing the road.
Q/A see page 72
2.
1.The name of Major Abdul Aziz will be written in the letters of gold because he laid down his life in the defence of his homeland . He was deployed on the BRB canal and was keeping an eye on the every move of the enemy then an enemy shell struck him and he fell. He sacrificed himself but not his motherland.
2. He fought on the Lahore front in the war of 1965.
3.He replied to his officer not to recall him as he didn’t want to go back and wanted to shed his last drop of the blood in the defence of the homeland.
4.we learn the lesson from the martyrdom of Major Abdul Aziz that We should be honest to our Homeland and should be ready to sacrifice our life in the defence of our homeland.
End of chapter
Nursing
Florence Nightingale
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Something about Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale was born with a silver spoon in her mouth but she selected a difficult life for her. Florence was born to a wealthy Englishman William Nightingale in Italy, Florence on May 12. She was a lovely and witty child. She and her sister both were given education according to that fashion and the whole credit goes to her father who trained his girls to think clearly and concentrate to mind that what actually they had to do -this training later helped Florence to adopt the profession of nursing.
Florence had a full life but wasn’t happy . One day in 1844, Florence said to Dr. Howe: “If I should determine to study nursing, and to devote my life to that profession, do you think it would be a dreadful thing?”
Dr. Howe replied: “Not a dreadful thing at all. I think It would be a very good thing.”
But to Florence parents it was a dreadful thing because during the half 19th century England, Ireland and Scotland had coarse and untrained nurses that’s why Florence parents were not willing to send their daughter in that atmosphere, they tried to divert her attention by sending her away but wherever she went, she visited hospitals and nursing homes. At last persistence met opposition and conquered. She defied the gayeties of social life and embraced the suffering humanity. In 1851, she declared, ” This is Life! I wish for no other earth, no other world but this.”
She moved ahead without thinking of her parents specially mother’s angriness . In 1853, she got her first situation in London but soon in 1854, she was given the charge of the military hospitals at Crimea where she performed a wonderful job and manage all well from supplies to cleanliness to diet meals, she was an Angel for the soldiers. In 1856 the war ended and she came back home to England.
A magnificent welcome was ready for Florence Nightingale but she accepted nothing. After the war , she though was not well but she started various services like the Army Medical Service, Reorganisation of Army Statistics, Sanitary Reforms in India.
During her stay at Crimea, the nation gave her a contribution with that she established a nursing training school in London applying all the golden principles of good nursing .
To Florence Nightingale, nursing wasn’t a professional; it was a “calling “. During her services whatever, she had collected, she described that in the Florence Nightingale’s Notes and were published in 1859. This book opened a new era in hospital reform. Hence, she was officially consulted by the Union Government during the Civil War in the United States.
Florence Nightingale lived 90 years . She had been awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward Vii that was the highest honour ever been bestowed on a woman she had the titles of the Lady of the Lamp, the Angel of the Crimea.
Today nursing is a reputable profession and hundreds of girls are adopting this sacred profession.
Note :
The above facts have been taken from the book “Health Heroes ” written by Grace T. Hallock and C. E. Turner, published in 1948.
Synopsis:
The chapter highlights the importance of nursing . Nursing means looking after the sick, the injured, the young, the old or the helpless with love and sympathy.it is difficult to say the origin of it scientifically but naturally and as a rough guess, it started when one man felt sympathy for the other fellowmen as sympathy is the only thing that can turn one human being for the other.
Our final Prophet Muhammadصلي الله عليه وسلم visited the sick without any absence, consoled them and spoke kindly to them. He also visited his sick enemies. Our Prophet صلي الله عليه وسلم put a strong emphasis on Muslims to help the suffering ones. The Muslims code of war is unique and fully sympathetic in the world as Muslim soldiers had been very kind to the sick, old and injured and it was against Islamic ethics to kill the wounded enemies.
Nursing is very old in Islam. Muslim ladies exercising veil helped the wounded and the injured giving them water and tending them on the battlefield. A very renowned name as a nurse in Islam is of Hazrat Giffaria who was along with our Holy Prophet صلي الله عليه وسلم during the Battle of Khyber and when the battle was won, she was awarded a necklace by the Prophet صلي الله عليه و سلم as a recognition of her services.
Another lady worthy in this regard is Hazrat Rufaida who was a very devoted nurse so on account of this was given the charge of a hospital in Medina by the Prophet صلي الله عليه وسلم and the other pious ladies who worked in this hospital were Hazrat Fatima and Hazrat Asma رضي الله تعا لي عنهما .
From here in the chapter the story of Florence Nightingale starts who is undoubtedly the founder of modern nursing in the half of the 19th century .
Dear Students,
see this in the segment something about Florence Nightingale. Remember here you can find something extra but your Q/A are purely from the text.
Q/A ( see page 82 , exercise b)
1. He, the final Prophet صلي الله عليه وسلم visited the sick regularly, comforted them and spoke kind words to them.
2.He صلي الله عليه وسلم established a hospital in Medina.
3.Florence Nightingale had a heart of gold and her aim and objective in life was to serve the suffering humanity as a nurse.
4.with the money offered to her she established an institution for training nurses in London.
Exercises :
*1. Educated 2.cultured 3. educated 4. broken 5. selected
* Make past participles and use them in sentences:
Complete: ( completed )
The completed assignment was a nice one.
Injure (injured )
The injured were taken to the hospital.
Control ( controlled )
The controlled dog was obeying his master.
Establish ( established )
Beautifully established building is a piece of art.
Use (used)
Used furniture is still in demand.
Simile
It is used to compare in which the object or a thing that is compared is described like as sweet as honey. As dark as night. Like father like son, etc.
1. Coal 2.grass 3.honey 4.ice 5.a bone 6.silk 7.leaf 8. a clown 9. Iron 10. a lion
Fill in the blanks:
1. Historian 2.politician 3. host 4. hostess 5. Poet 6. Writer 7. Scientist 8.musician 9. Cobbler 10. Jewellery.
End of chapter
Responsibilities of a Good citizen
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Synopsis:
The chapter talks about our responsibilities being a citizen to our society before we claim our rights to the society. In the introduction, it is given that how the civilisation evolved and developed.How the humans developed from a savage to a refined human being. They emerged step by step from families to tribes in search of a better life. By the time towns grew and people adopted different professions and works and in this way a chain of reciprocal activities established.
The author says if we just think how much society does for us then we can estimate how much we owe to it. He gives the examples of the milkman, baker, printer, driver, shopkeepers who perform multiple jobs for us similarly, he gives the names of different professions like engineers, teachers, doctors who give their services to us. He doesn’t forget the service of a a traffic constable when he regularises the traffic.
He makes us realise that how easy it has become to get any service in our house like water, electricity,radio and tv they just need a button to be pressed and we get the service.
The author says that a good citizen without being selfish and dishonest repays to the society and if he doesn’t do like this he will be treated unfairly.
He further says that every citizen must understand the problems facing his country and should co-operate with the government in solving them. The problems facing Pakistan are poverty, illiteracy, and population growth and for the building of a better society such problems have to be solved through proper education and hard work.
The government of Pakistan has started many programmes to solve the aforementioned problems like rural development programmes , literacy and adult education programmes, health,sanitation, social welfare and population planning centres that have been set up across the country.
Author says that a citizen whatever he takes from his country, he should in return be loyal and patriotic to his country by paying his taxes immediately, fully and honestly so that he may enjoy all what he has been given as Islam also lays a huge stress on our duties as citizens. In short, we can’t be good Muslims, without being good citizens.
Q/A ( see questions in the book page 89 )
Q1 Ans. In early days men lived in caves like animals each lived by himself and for himself hunting for their food and leading a hard life, therefore, they are called now savages.
Q2 Ans.They began to live together to live a better and safer life.
Q3 Ans. Many more professions like medicine, teaching,engineering, arts, writing and lots of occupations developed when societies grew larger. Laws mere made to make lives safer and happier. Each profession benefited the other human being.
Q4 Ans. A trader should sell things fairly, honestly and should not give a short measure otherwise he will be treated likewise.
Q5 Ans. A milkman should not mix water in the milk.
Q6 Ans. If a person is dishonest, he teaches others dishonesty as well.
Q7 Ans. A bad citizen deserves to be treated the way he treats others.
Q8 Ans. Our duty to our country is to be loyal and patriotic and we should pay our taxes and bills in time, fully and honestly.
Q9 Ans. Islam always talks about human rights brotherhood and in this regard neighbours are the first to be treated well. Our Holy Prophet once said: “God lays so much stress on the rights of our neighbours that I almost thought they would get the right of inheritance in our property. “
Q10 Ans. To be good Muslims, we have to be a good and dutiful Muslim first.
Define the following professions: (page 91)
Cobbler mends the shoes.
Carpenter makes furniture out of wood.
Farmer ploughs the fields.
Blacksmith makes tools out of steel.
Goldsmith makes jewellery.
Mason builds buildings.
Tailor sews clothes.
Weaver weaves cloth.
End of chapter
A Letter about the Village Life in Pakistan
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villages are part and parcel of every country. Villagers have a simple life. In the villages we find natural beauty and originality. Pakistan has four provinces and each province has its Suburban life. They have their own culture, lifestyle and civilisation. In this chapter, a Sind village has been described.
Idioms and phrases:
go about, to look forward to
Synopsis :
Shahid writes a letter to his cousin Nomi who lives in Canada in which he describes about the general village life in Pakistan.
Talking about the nature of the villagers he says that they are simple and straight forward people and are happy the way they lead their lives. Their most of the houses are mud- plastered and don’t use vehicles for their journeys and therefore, they are healthy and strong.
The villagers have two common workmen: the carpenter and the blacksmith and two common persons: the primary school teacher who serves as a postmaster as well as fulfils their children’s pedagogical needs and the Imam of the Mosque who runs a Maktab and gives students not only the religious know how but also serves as a doctor for them treating their common diseases.
In a Sindhi village Otaq serves as a meeting place for men where they have their discussions,resolving of the conflicts and enjoy themselves listening to the songs on the tunes of the Ghaghar and Tamboora. Women have their meetings at the village well.
Villagers awake at the crack of the dawn and get their all activities done before sunrise like milking of the cows and buffaloes.However, village life beauties are beyond to be told. Unlike cities villages have a pollution free atmosphere that compels one to go and live a couple of days there. Shahid says Nomi lastly that a farmer works in his fields from morning till twilight with a sickle and reaping the crop under the scorching sun . Shahid being so much inspired calls the life of a farmer ” a model of hard work .”
Q/A are not given in the chapter, see important questions here.
Q/A
Q1.what reason gives Shahid for not replying Nomi’s letter earlier?
Ans.The reason he gives that he had been to his uncle’s village during the summer holidays as he had never been there and wanted very much to see something of village life.
Q2.why was Shahid willing to tell about the village life of Pakistan to Nomi?
Ans. He was willing to tell about the village life of Pakistan because Nomi was born and bred in Canada so it would be an enjoyable thing to him.
Q3. What kind of people are villagers by nature?
Ans. They are simple and straight forward people by nature though they have a different lifestyle quite contrary to the city folks but they are always happy and contented. This simplicity reflects from their humble abodes which are mud – plastered and they mostly don’t use vehicles for short distances.
Q4. Do the villagers have markets?
Ans. No, they have few and scattered shops.
Q5. Who are the workmen in the village and how do they serve the villagers.
Ans. The two important workmen in the village are: the carpenter and the blacksmith. They both help the farmers to make and repair their farming tools.
Q6. What are the services of the primary school teacher?
Ans. The primary school teacher is a very important person in a village as he serves as a postmaster of the villagers as well as fulfils their children’s pedagogical needs.
Q7. How does an Imam serve the villagers and what does he charge from the villagers in return of his services?
Ans. An Imam serves the villagers in various ways. He exercises a great influence on them. He runs a Maktab where he teaches free of cost but accept gifts like milk, butter and ghee as a token of love and affection. He treats the minor ailments of the villagers and helps them out if they have any religious confusion.
Q8. What is an Otaq and what happens there?
Ans. An Otaq is a meeting point of the men in a village where they have their discussions regarding crops, weather, etc. resolve their conflicts and enjoy themselves listening to the folk songs sung on the tunes of the Ghaghar or Tamboora. Thus, villagers have a full life though simple but interesting and colourful.
Q9.where village women meet?
Ans. Village women meet at the village well when they go to fetch water.
Q10. What is the routine of the villagers?
Ans. Villagers get up at the crack of dawn.Men offer their prayers at the mosque and women at home . Men milk the cows and buffaloes and women churn milk to make butter and lassi.
Q11. What is the favourite drink of the villagers?
Ans. The favourite drink of the villagers is lassi but tea has also made is way into their houses.
Q12. How is a village different from a city?
Ans. A village is entirely different from a city. A village has a pollution free atmosphere while city has a variety of pollutions like water, noise and air. It has a calm and serene atmosphere that one loves to go and live there a couple of days amidst the charms of natural beauties.
Q13. Why is the life of a villager is a modal of hard work?
Ans. A farmer works in a village from dawn to dusk with a sickle reaping the crops under the scorching sun so we can say that a farmer ‘s life is a modal of hard work.
End of chapter.
The Secret of Success
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idioms and phrases used in the text:
In search of , to see eye to eye with each other, far and wide, in front of
Synopsis :
The story begins in this way that there is a king who is in search of the secret of success and has three questions with him to be answered:
what is the most important work to do?
Who is the most important person?
What is the most important time to start some work?
The king goes many places and meets many persons to know the answers of these questions but no body satisfies him. He has also announced the reward of 5000 gold coins to be awarded to the one who answers the questions .One day, he calls many wise and learned men in his court but but no one satisfies him.
The king comes to know that there is a jungle at a distance from the capital and there lives an old wise man but that man doesn’t like the rich.To overcome the difficulty, the king disguises himself as a common man and with his servants, who are instructed to stay behind ,leaves to meet the saint. Reaching there, the king finds the saint digging in front of his hut but is stopping every now and then out of old age. The king without considering his condition asks the questions but the king thoroughly ignores the king then king realising his tiredness and old age requests him to help him in digging that the saint accepts thanking him.
During this the evening falls , the king asks once again the questions but the saint rather answering points to something. The king glances there and finds there a bearded man, having a dagger in his hand. The man was badly injured and as soon as he reaches the hut, falls and faints. The king and the saint both divert their attention toward that injured man and put bandage on his bleeding wounds, soon the man gets relaxed and falls a sleep. By this time, the night falls, the saint invites the king to stay that the king accepts.
The next morning, the injured man calls him as majesty saying that he was there to kill him because he had his brother killed but was caught by the servants of the king but escaped. He thanks the king for his care and vows to be his faithful servant , salutes and leaves. Now the king turns to the saint and asks for the answers .The king says that he has already been answered. The first time the saint was an important person and the digging was an important work and it saved his life otherwise he would have been killed. The second time the wounded man was an important person and the dressing of his wounds was the most important work otherwise he would not have found a faithful servant.
Moral of the lesson
The most important time is the present.The most important work is what you are doing now and the most important person is the one with whom you are with at the moment.
Q/A aren’t in the text book . See the important questions here.
Q1. What were the questions of the king to know the secret of success?
Ans. see synopsis.
Q2.What is the moral of the lesson ?
Ans. See the moral given in the synopsis.
Q3.What did the saint answer after leaving the injured man to the king?
Ans. He answered that he had already been answered as the first time the saint and the digging was important otherwise he would have been killed and the second time the injured man and his dressing were important because it saved the man’s life and the king got a loyal servant. The saint also meant here that patience, focus and steadfastness are also important to be successful.
Q4.why did the king want to know the secret of success?
Ans. The king thought that if he could find out the answers to three questions, he would never fail in life.
End of the chapter
The Guddu Barrage
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Difference between a dam and a barrage
Both are constructed across the river . A barrage has gates having their bottom level touching the river bed level through which water is allowed to pass in a limited quantity. A barrage thoroughly depends on river water for irrigation.
A dam is bigger than a barrage . It has spillway gates ( a passage for surplus water from a dam ) . It stores surplus flood water and distributes it through irrigation tunnels in the dam or through canals from its reservoirs. A dam can generate electricity as well.
However, both barrage and dam are used to store water during the floods and limit the danger of loss and can can irrigate the fields.
See link that how a dam works:
Synopsis:
Note: Some additional information has also been given that’s not in the text book.
Guddu Barrage is built on the River Indus near Kashmore in the Sind province of Pakistan. Its foundation was laid on 2 February, 1957 and it completed in 1962 at a cost of 47.8 million rupees. Its construction was very time consuming though more than 5000 engineers, technicians and labourers worked day and night to complete it . It was inaugurated by Field Marshall Aruba Khan in 1962.
A barrage is a kind of wall which blocks the flow of water through its gates from which water is allowed to pass in a limited quantity. Its main cause is to control the flow of water during the floods and to control the expected damage of the floods as well as to irrigate the fields through canal system.
It has the capacity to discharge 1.2 million cubic feet water per second. It has 64 bays (broad inlets of the sea where the land curves inwards ) and each 60 feet wide. It controls irrigation supplies up to 2 .9 million acres of agricultural land. The area that lies is of mainly Sukkur and Jacobabad and the rest is of Kalat and Baluchistan province.It is built where the river is 14 km wide. It is 1355 metres in length. Another benefit of the barrage is that it has a 7 metres wide road bridge over the barrage that has reduced the distance between Lahore and Quetta.
Guddu barrage has a system of three main canals two on the right and one on the left . The Begari Sind Feeder and the Desert Pat Feeder on the right and the Ghotki Feeder on the left – they are one of the biggest Feeder canals of the world. Barrages and dams are very important reservoirs of water. Pakistan needs many such barrages as well as dams.
Q/A
Note: Questions aren’t given in the text book – see the important questions here:
Q1. Describe the importance of the rivers?
Ans. Rivers have always been very important as they are the source of water, irrigation, trade, sea food and tourism.
Q2. How is water supplied to the fields from rivers?
And. Water is supplied to the fields from rivers through canal system.
Q3. Why the canal system failed?
And. The canal system failed because on account of the shortage of water during the winter season, the canals would run dry and the fields would remain without sufficient supply of water.
Q4. What were the two problems posed by the rivers?
Ans. The two problems posed by the rivers are how to get water from the rivers throughout the year and how to escape the fury of floods.
Q5. See the first paragraph of the synopsis.
Q6. What is the aim and objective of a barrage?
Ans. A barrage can control the flow of water during the floods. It irrigates the fields through canal system. It halves the distance between two cities.
Q7.Describe Guddu Barrage.
Ans. see synopsis
Q8. Where is it built on the river?
Ans. It is built at a place on the river where the river is 14 km in width.
Q9.How is the barrage designed?
Ans.It is designed to force the water – spread over 14 km to pass through a narrow barrage of about a kilometre.
Q10.What is its length and how is it made?
Ans. Its length is 1355 and it is made in such a way that a flood of about 1.2 million cusecs can pass through it.
Q11.How km long is the river bridge road and what cities distance does it reduce?
Ans. The road bridge over the barrage is 7 metres in width and has reduced the road distance between Lahore and Quetta. The distance between Rahimyar Khan and Kashmore has almost been halved.
Q12. What is the system of the 3 main canals?
Ans. see the last para of the synopsis.
Q13.What area does the barrage irrigate?
Ans. The barrage irrigates the area of 2.7 million acres.
Q14.which area does the barrage irrigate?
Ans. The area that the barrage irrigates is of Sukkur and Jacobabad districts of Sind and the rest is in the Kalat division of Baluchistan province.
Q15.What is the expected rise in the output of this area?
Ans. The expected rise in the output of this area is half a million tons.
End of the chapter
The Neem Tree
Neem is a common tree in Asia. It grows in tropical and semi – tropical regions. It is a fast- growing tree and can reach up to 65 to 131 feet. It is evergreen. Its fruit is bitter and is used in medicines. Neem tree’s every part is used from root to bark to fruit to leaves thus it is impossible to state this tree’s benefits, it is a blessing to mankind.
Mrs.Elsa Kazi
Elsa Kazi (1884- 1967) was a German lady who married to Allah I I Kazi and stayed at Sind. She’s known in Sind as Mother Elsa. She has a myriad facets of her life as she wrote one act plays, wrote history, novels and short stories side by side did poetry and was a painter, composer and a musician too. She spent a big life in Sind so she was highly inspired by its traditions and culture . She translated shah Abdul Latif Poetry in English by the help of her husband. Her poem “The Neem Tree” gives the message of sacrifice and instructs to be as helping as the Neem tree is.
Synopsis :
The poet addresses the Neem tree in a very endearing tone ” My lovely Neem”. She talks about its work that is to intercept the hot sun rays without showers complaining. It removes the traveller’s grief by casting a spell upon him with its soothing shade.
In the second stanza, the poet praises the Neem tree calling him unafraid and saying that it has green leaves in spite of the hot weather. The green leaves indicate that the tree is happy and is not taking his duty as a burden. Furthermore, it is standing under the sun without any shade as the hot rays are directly hitting upon its head.
Lastly, the poet wishes that man could be as bold as the Neem tree is and rise above the earth with its sheltering arms to save the suffering humanity from sorrows, poverty and vice through sacrifice facing every fate and questions “Would it not be the life’s loftiest dream!
theme:
The poem gives the message of sacrifice as the Neem tree gives standing under the sun. It provides shelter to everyone without any discrimination so should be the human beings sacrificing for the sake of others remaining consistent and making others happy.
Q/A ( see page 18 )
1.The Neem tree can prevent the burning heat of the sun from troubling us by intercepting its hot rays. It bears the heat all day without any rainfall and makes the traveller happy removing his grief by casting a spell of its soothing shade upon him.
2.The poetess says that the Neem tree is unafraid because it bears the mid day heat upon its unprotected head even then its leaves are green that means is happy and sacrificing for the sake of others happily and not as a burden.
3.The Neem tree looks like a very brave and strong man who is standing stretching its arms without any rainfall to be comfortable and shade to be protected from the searing heat but in spite of all this , is happily protecting those who come under its shade.
4. The poet compares the Neem tree to man in this way that man should be as bold as the Neem tree is and rise above the earth spreading its arms to save the suffering ones from their miseries being steadfast.
5.The highest aim of life is to sacrifice for the suffering ones protecting them from harm, poverty and vice and being consistent no matter what comes in this way and then it would be the life’s loftiest dream to be achieved.
End of the poem
The Daffodils
Daffodil is a lovely English flower. It grows near watery areas and grows in a large number. It can be found in all the varieties of yellow. It presents a lovely scene and gives one a beautiful memory to keep safe in one’s reminiscence.
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William Wordsworth
William Wordsworth ( 1770 – 1850 ) is a renowned English poet. He is a Romantic poet. He is famous chiefly because of his love for nature. He is a huge admirer of nature, therefore, is called the worshipper of nature. His philosophy of nature is based on pantheism. Wordsworth finds comfort in nature no matter where he goes and in this regard “Lines composed Five Miles above Tintern Abbey” is a popular poem. Wordsworth uses simple rustic language in his poetry and does not believe in difficult phraseology in poetry. His notable works are: Prelude 1& 2, Resolution and Independence, Daffodils and Lucy poems.
Synopsis :
Wordsworth once takes an aimless walk alone in the English countryside. He compares his wandering with a cloud that floats over high valleys and hills and then his eyes catch a glimpse of a host – a host of lovely daffodils that are so beautiful and are swaying in the breeze to and fro beside the lake and beneath the trees and from there have gone till the margin of the bay.
The whole scene is a reflection of sheer beauty, of an unforgettable beauty that remains with you throughout your life and amuses you so happens with Wordsworth, he is caught up in the moment . The poet, mesmerised by that natural scenery, tries to resemble it with the stars on the galaxy that are uncountable, shiny and are stretched in a never – ending line not only this, he also compares it with the waves of the lake – the currents of the waves are coming and going and show their dancing but they are unable to impress the poet who is under the spell of the daffodils.
Coming to an end, the poet says that he gets only the wealth of happiness from the scene of the daffodils and that whenever he rests no matter having a serious thought in his mind or nothing then that natural beauty of the daffodils flashes upon his inward eye and replaces his thought with its charm and fills the heart of the poet full of joy that it starts dancing with the daffodils and it is a bliss of solitude for the poet.
theme :
John Keats, a famous Romantic says in his ” Ode on a Grecian Urn “
Beauty is truth, truth beauty – that is all
Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know
The above lines are fit to describe the beauty that is everlasting and is a reality no matter your eyes get attracted to the beauty of an old Urn or a scene of nature , both are the reflection of an absolute beauty. This beauty through your eyes sticks to your memory and makes you happy till your dying day. See how true Keats again says in Endymion’s opening lines: “A thing of beauty is a joy forever :/Its loveliness increases;it will never/Pass into nothingness…”
Q/A ( see questions on pages ( 34 – 35 )
1.The poet was moving aimlessly like a cloud that that floats over high vales and hills.
2. He saw a host of lovely daffodils fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
3. They were beside the lake and beneath the trees and from there had stretched till the margin of the bay.
4.During a walk, the poet gets a glimpse of the beautiful, sparkling daffodils that were fluttering and dancing in the breeze. They were beside the lake and beneath the trees and were flashing their beauty all around that the poet couldn’t move a step ahead from there as he was spell bound.
Stanza 2
1.He compares the daffodils with the shiny stars.
2. He finds the resemblance between the stars on the galaxy and the daffodils on earth that both are sparkling, uncountable, unending and have the power to surprise their admirers by their unsurpassed beauty.
3.The poet saw approximately more than ten thousand flowers at a glance.
4.The flowers were beside the lake and beneath the trees and from there had stretched till the margin of the bay.
Stanza 3
1. The waves danced well but were nothing in front of the outclass performance of the daffodils.
2.The poet got the immense wealth of joy looking at the daffodils.
3.The wealth here means happiness, the wealth of happiness is achieved by the poet as he says: “A poet could not but be gay, /In such a jocund company!”
Stanza 4
1.The beautiful scene of lovely daffodils flashes upon the inward eye of the poet when he lies on his couch that is a bliss of solitude.
2. The two moods of the poet are vacant or pensive.vacant means without any thought and pensive means to have a serious thought.
3.The heart can dance when one ‘s mind has a beautiful memory then heart fills with pleasure and starts dancing.
4. Yes, this has happened to me many a times, whenever any beautiful memory clicks my mind, my heart fills with pleasure and starts dancing . My pleasant memories are my bliss of solitude.
End of the poem
Children
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Note : see the introduction of the poet in the poem “Rain in Summer.”
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Synopsis:
The poem Children has nine stanzas and each describes what the children are to the world and for the poet as well. It commences with a very strong voice of the poet, “Come to me, O ye children! ” He calls the children because he wants to be the part of their world, their brighter world where there is sunshine of their innocence and joy . The poet himself is a pessimist,tired, worried old man whose mind is highly troubled but to get escape from his life, he takes refuge in the world of the children.
The poet uses symbols to describe the love, beauty, innocence and purity of the children. He says they are the one who open the eastern windows from where the sun rises, where there are singing swallows and the brooks , where there is purity of the thoughts and is clarity. He says that children ‘s thoughts are pure, transparent and free .
The poet fears what would happen if there were no children, he finds there would be a complete disaster, darkness and desert with no hope and life . He emphasizes that no matter what inventions, amenities and luxuries humans have are nothing in front of the children’s caresses and gladness of their looks. Children are like the ballads and the poems that were ever said or sung as the poet says:
For ye are living poems
And all the rest are dead
theme:
Children are the source of our happiness and a reason to live – without them all is barren, empty and useless no matter what inventions, amenities or luxuries we have. They are a precious gift and a blessing from Almighty.
Stanza 1
1.Children are playing and having fun in their sunny atmosphere in their own way.
2. No particular reason has been defined in the poem that what disturbs him except that he is afraid of his old age and the problems which are related to this age so trying to get rid of that he takes refuge in the innocent world of the children and admires their carefree life.
3.The question of the problem of the poet’s coming of the old age goes far far away when he hears the children giggling, laughing and having fun in their lovely positive atmosphere without any worries and he fully admires them.
Stanza 2
1. Children are the one who open the eastern windows from where the sun rises, brightens the whole atmosphere and removes the gloom. Children like the sun bring light in our world and light it with their glow.
2. The poet compares the thoughts of the children with the singing swallows and the morning brooks. He uses them in a symbolic way as singing swallows represent freedom, music, innocence and beauty similarly, the brooks show purity and clarity – both are the objects of nature and nature is original so children are true, pure and lovable.
3. He compares the thoughts of the children with the singing swallows and the morning brooks because singing swallows and the morning brooks are natural objects and nature is real so are the children and their thoughts that have the characteristics of beauty, innocence, purity and freedom .
Stanza 3
1.The birds and the sunshine can be in the hearts of the children in this way that children are innocent, young and optimistic; they have nothing negative in them so the poet shows their innocence through birds and the sunshine means brightness that they have on account of their positivity and clear thoughts.
2.The poet says the children are thinking of the books while he is of Autumn. It is symbolic because brooks represents clarity, positivity and vitality while Autumn is the season of leafless trees means depriving, despair and downfall so children are looking forward to new horizons and the poet is starting his journey towards the end.
3. Not purely for the old age but yes, he knows well that his journey toward the end has stated as the couplet says ” But in my mind is the wind of Autumn/And the first fall of the snow”. The first line depicts his state of mind quite well means pessimism and the other gives the idea of his old age.
4.The other words that he uses to show the coming of old age upon him are:
But in my mind is the wind of Autumn
And the first fall of the snow
5.The children are different from the poet in many ways, the poet is pessimistic, worried and tired while the children are young, vibrant, positive and optimistic.
Stanza 4
1. The poet asks the question: Ah! What would the world be to us / If the children were no more?”
2. The desert and dark both are synonymous to nothingness and fear but comparing both desert is worse than the dark because desert is an absolute state of emptiness, on the contrary darkness brings light and hope so darkness is better than desert so without children we have a desert behind us means nothing at all, no hope and deprivation.
Stanza 5 & 6
1. According to Science, trees get food from their leaves through air and sunlight that is called ” Photosynthesis” so if there were no leaves, would be no life and the trees would dry and die so would happen to humans – no children mean no life and end of human beings.
2. We would have the fear of the end of life if there were no children.
Stanza 7
1.The poet asks the children to come to him because he wants to hear mirthful songs of the birds and winds which are being sung in their sunny atmosphere and children, he believes, can listen and understand them on account of their simplicity, innocence and purity of the thoughts.
2. The poet wishes to be whispered the songs of love, beauty, innocence, joy and mirthfulness.
Stanza 8
1.The poet says that the grown ups have inventions and the wisdom of the books while the children have caresses and the gladness of their looks.
Stanza 9
1.The poet compares the children with the ballads that are the folk songs with stories and the poems that entertain.
2. The children can be like the ballads and the poems in this way that like the ballads, they bring music, rhythm and harmony and give us a new joy and happiness and like the poems they keep us lively bringing new stories every other day.
3. The poet says that the children are living and the rest all dead because life is with humans, no new birth means utter barrenness and emptiness so no matter what inventions, amenities or luxurious are in the world are useless without children- they are life, are living poems, bring everyday new stories to amuse us and without them, ” all is dead “.
End of the poem
Rain in Summer
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
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Something about the poet :
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ( 1807- 1882 ) was a New Englander . He had a multifaceted personality as he was a scholar, teacher, translator, editor, travel writer and poet. He did much valuable work according to Barrett Wendell “transplanting of culture “. He uplifted the value of thought and artistic creation and considered the life devoted to it dignified and useful.
Intelligent and sympathetic reading of Longfellow ‘s poetry can enable the young students to both what is good and what is deficient in their culture. His poetry is simple but has depth, an assurance and serenity not easy to be found elsewhere.Simplicity,charm,thought and depth are the qualities of his poetry.
Synopsis:
The poem has four stanzas and each stanza describes one aspect of the rain. In the first stanza the poem opens with a strong praise of the rain “How beautiful is the rain!”that comes “after the dust and heat” . In the second stanza, the poet describes the scary element of the rain when ” it clatters the roofs like the horse’s hoofs and struggles to gush out from an overflowing spout. In the last stanza, the poet describes the the situation one finds after the torrential pouring where becomes a muddy tide that “roars” like a gutter down the river.
theme:
Rain is synonymous to joy and beauty. It is like a blessing for all who burn in the hot summer day but all at once rain comes like a kind mother and pours them with the freshness and coolness that they forget the hardships of the sun and sing, ” How beautiful is the rain! “
Questions : see page 64
1.I live in Karachi that has a hot weather so when rain comes suddenly , the whole atmosphere becomes so watery and beautiful at the same time muddy but even then rain is rain, all welcome it cheerfully.
2. The lines are :
How beautiful is the rain!/After the dust and heat,/In the broad and fiery street,/In the narrow lane, /How beautiful is the rain!
3.The street is called “fiery”because during the summer, it becomes hot like fire.
Some important questions:
Q1. What charms does the rain bring in the hot summer day?
Ans. Rain in a hot summer day is a great blessing and surprise. It makes the hot and dusty atmosphere so pleasant as well as cools the fiery street and compels all to sing “How beautiful is the rain! ”
Q2. What effect does the rain produce when it clatters along the roofs?
Ans. The rain produces not only a soft and smooth effect but it has a different face as well when it clatters along the roofs like the tramp of hoofs. It means horse hoofs that pound all that comes under their hoofs and make the feeble hearts feel scared.
Q3.What does the tramp of hoofs mean?
Ans. The tramp of hoofs mean the sound of the heavy hoofs of the horses.
Q4. What happens when the rain pours across the window pain?
Ans. It makes a muddy tide and roars like a river down the gutter.
End of the poem
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
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Frost Frost
Something about the poet :
Robert Frost is America’s best loved poet .There is a different style of his writing poetry . His duplicity is his charm of the poetry . The simple, pretty, picturesque scenes are just a deceit, he actually says otherwise behind that nature ‘s depiction . This poem has the same quality. There are many beautiful poems on his credit like the Death of a Hired Man, the Home Burial, Mending Wall, Birches, etc. He has been awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his poetry.
Synopsis:
The poet stops by the woods and gets absorbed in the lovely scene of nature . He has his little horse that is tired as it is chilly and the darkest evening of the year . The horse shakes his harness bells to make his master aware of his mistake of stopping there, but the master is fully aware of his horse as he says : “My little horse must think it queer/ To stop without a farmhouse near,/ Between the woods and frozen lake/ The darkest evening of the year”. However, the poet leaves the place because he has some promises to keep though the woods are lovely, dark, and deep but he has a long journey ahead of him before he sleeps means dies.
theme:
The whole poem is symbolic. The woods are the world, the poet is representing the humans and the horse is conscious. Like woods our life is temporary but its charm has arrested us that we have forgotten the approaching death though our consciousness like the horse shakes us but we ignore, but soon we come to our senses like the poet and try to accomplish our due responsibilities before we die no matter how much the lovely attractions of the world mesmerise us as the poet did:
The woods are lovely, dark, and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,15
And miles to go before I sleep
Exercises:
1. Four
2. Four
3.yes, know snow; queer year; shake flake ; deep sleep
4. First and last lines last words are rhymed . See 3.
5. To create rhythm that is necessary for poetry.
Q/A
Stanza # 1
1.He describes the scene of snow falling.
2. It is winter.
3.He stops to enjoy the snowfall and the atmosphere that has become romantic on account of this weather.
4. Two times.
5. He does so to create a familiarity with the scene saying: “Whose woods these are I think I know, “
Stanza # 2
1. The poet is riding on a horse.
2. The horse thinks it strange to stop there because there is no farmhouse nearby, it is a dark and freezing atmosphere, moreover, his master is completely ignoring him.
3. The letter r is repeated in queer,near and year.
Stanza # 3
1. Harness bells are the bells fixed on the horse straps. When the horse shakes its neck, the bells ring.
2.The horse shakes his harness bells to make his master realize his mistake who was absorbed in the natural beauty forgetting his horse and duties.
3. The other sound alone can be heard where the poet is standing is “the sweep of easy wind and downy flake”.
4. He mentions this sound to show the utter quietness in the atmosphere that the sweep of wind and flake can be heard quite easily.
Stanza # 4
1.The poet can’t wait to enjoy the beauty of the woods because he has some promises to keep and for that he has been compelled to leave the woods.
2.He repeats the third line to show the importance of his promises.
3.letter p is repeated in this stanza in the words deep, keep and sleep.
4. They have been repeated to create rhyming sound and harmony.
End of the poem
The Miller of the Dee
Something about the poet:
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Charles Mackay( 1814 – 1889 ) was a British poet and a journalist. He was born at Perth, Scotland but spent most of his life in France . He is chiefly famous on account of his juvenile songs. In his songs, he has inculcated no vice or immorality but inculcates self reliance, patriotism, and true love,however, his songs are popular and fashionable. They are full of character, courtesies and amenities of life. In Miltonic language they are ” simple, sensuous, and passionate”. His songs some of which, including ” Cheer,Boys,Cheer” became tremendously popular was composed by Russel Henry.
Who is a Miller?
A miller is a person who operates a mill, a machine to grind a cereal crop to make flour.
What do you know about River Dee?
The River Dee is a river in the Britain. It flows through parts of both Wales and England, forming part of the border between the two countries.
Short synopsis:
A Miller sings so loud and high like a lark though he is poor but is happy. His burden of the song is ” I envy nobody, no, not I,/And nobody envies me! ” Hearing his song, King Hal of England asks the reason as he himself isn’t happy although is a king. The Miller tells the secret of his contented life that he loves his family, friend, takes no debt and thanks the river Dee for his needs. King Hal becomes impressed, bids farewell and advises him not to say anymore that no one envies him . He considers his mealy cap worth his crown and his mill his “kingdom’s fee ” calling people like the Miller “England’s boast”.
theme:
Happy, simple and contented life is a true wealth. It is a blessing that a king can also envy it even though has power, authorities and all the amenities of the world.
Q/A ( see book page, 86 )
1. The two speakers are : Miller of the Dee and king Hal of England.
2. See above
3. The Miller was singing about his happy and satisfied life . His first line was “I envy no body, no, not I ” but in the second line that was ” And nobody envies me ” he considers himself lower and underestimates himself.
4. The king said that he was absolutely wrong because he, the king, envies his happy life saying : ” For, could my heart be light as thine, / I ‘d gladly change with thee,”.
5. The Miller is the happier of the two. He is a family oriented person, cuts his coat according to his cloth and remains thankful to the Mill from where he gets his bread and butter.
6. In the last stanza of the poem, king Hal said that people like the Miller who are hard working, contented and loyal are “England’s boast”.
End of the poem
Abou Ben Adhem
Abou Ben Adhem, originally Ibrahim Ben Adhem, was a great ruler of Bulkh that is in Afghanistan. The poem is a real incident happened to Ibrahim Ben Adhem. Ibrahim Ben Adhem was a great and pious saint who led a simple life leaving his kingdom and praying Almighty and serving His fellowmen.
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James Henry Leigh Hunt
James Henry Leigh Hunt, an English poet born in1784 was a journalist and an essayist as well. The one of the major characteristics of his poetry is its spirituality.
Synopsis:
One night Abou awakes from his deep sleep on account of a light that is calm and soothing. Abou finds an Angel in the room writing something in the book of gold . Asking , the Angel replies that he writes the names of those who love Lord. Abou asks whether his name is there. The angel answers in negative then he requests the Angel to write his name among those who love Lord’s fellowmen. The Angel writes and disappears. The next night the Angel comes again and shows Abou the names of those whose love was granted by Lord and Abou’s name was top of the list.
theme / central idea / message
God loves those who love His fellowmen. Loving humanity is the only way to love and be loved by Almighty.
Q/A
Note : Please see questions given in the text book page, 98.
1. He was sleeping soundly in his room.
2. See one
3.He saw the moonlight in the room, that was making it rich like a lily in bloom, and within that light, found an Angel.
4.The Angel was writing ” the names of those who love Almighty “in a book of gold.
5. The exceeding peace made Ben Adhem daring enough to ask the question to the presence in the room, “What writes thou?”
6. He asked the Angel the second time if his name was there but got the answer in negative.
7.No, he wasn’t, he was as cheerful as he was before.
8. Abou pleaded the Angel the third time to write him as one that loved His mankind.
8. Coming the second time, the Angel showed Abou the names of those who were “blessed ” by the love of Lord.
10. Abou’s name was top of the list because he loved Lord’s humanity and in return was awarded by His love.
Note : vision and presence both are used for angel in the poem.
End of the poem
Assalam o Alaikum!
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Dear students!
class Ix book for the Karachi Board of Secondary Education ( Metric System ) is complete with all the notes of prose and poetry! Enjoy your studies!
Dear students!
I am introducing to you some very important terms. I am sure you will get benefit from them.
As summer vacations have commenced and you will be enjoying it but remember for good students it is the time to do some extra efforts to bring improvement in their reading, writing, listening and speaking skills.
Enjoy holidays!
Learn English with Syeda Kiran Fatima – English notes for class lx and x, the best and free
English notes for class lx and x, the best and free
— Read on learnenglishwithsyedakiranfatima.wordpress.com/
There’s a Good Time Coming
Charles Mackay ( 1814 – 1889 )
Charles Mackay( 1814 – 1889 ) was a British poet and a journalist. He was born at Perth, Scotland but spent most of his life in France . He is chiefly famous on account of his juvenile songs. In his songs, he has inculcated no vice or immorality but inculcates self reliance, patriotism, and true love,however, his songs are popular and fashionable. They are full of character, courtesies and amenities of life. In Miltonic language they are ” simple, sensuous, and passionate”. His songs some of which, including ” Cheer,Boys,Cheer” became tremendously popular was composed by Russel Henry.
message:
The poem “There is a Good Time Coming ” is about hope and and will that there is a time coming when all will be good and things like justice and thought will prevail rather than injustice, inequality and war but to bring that day one has to be patient and should give his share properly.
Stanza 01:
The first stanza begins with the pleasant news that there is a good time coming but the time is not mentioned as the poet says ” We may not live to see the day” but the earth will sparkle and shine on that coming good time.
Stanza 02:
He says war is not an essential thing to prove the truth because thought is important, opinion is important and in this way any battle can be won but again patience is required.
Stanza 03:
The poet says that in the coming good time between two nations no war but dialogue will prevail as he says “the pen shall supersede the sword.” In the coming good time “right” but not “might” will be the master . The suppressed and oppressed won’t be put down and will be treated fairly by having been given the rights.
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